The FRM (Financial Risk Manager) is a 2-part computer-based exam offered by GARP, considered the top credential for risk management careers.
You need to pass both parts (~250 hours study each) and show 2 years of risk management work experience. Total cost: $2,150-$3,948 for both Parts (including calculator and study materials).
Pass rates: 45-58% (Part 1), 50-63% (Part 2).
Offered 3x yearly (May, Aug, Nov). Difficulty equivalent to a Master’s degree. Takes most candidates 1-2 years to complete both parts.
Worth it if you’re serious about risk management – banks, asset managers, and hedge funds actively hire FRMs.
Thinking about the FRM exam? Here’s what you need to know upfront.
The FRM (Financial Risk Manager) certification is GARP’s flagship qualification for risk professionals. It’s a 2-part exam covering market risk, credit risk, operational risk, and quantitative methods – basically everything you need to manage financial risk at banks, asset managers, hedge funds, and regulators.
The commitment:
- 2 exams: Part 1 (100 questions, 4 hours) and Part 2 (80 questions, 4 hours)
- Study time: ~250 hours per part (most people need 5-6 months each)
- Cost: $1,000-1,400 total (enrollment + registration fees)
- Work experience: 2 years in risk management (can be before, during, or after exams)
- Timeline: Most candidates finish both parts in 1-2 years
Is it worth it? If you’re serious about risk management, yes. FRM is globally recognized and actively sought by employers. The curriculum is practical (less theoretical than CFA), and passing both parts genuinely makes you better at your job.
This guide covers everything: What FRM is, how the exams work, what they cost, pass rates, study timelines, and whether it’s right for your career. Let’s dig in.
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What is a Financial Risk Manager (FRM)?
FRM stands for Financial Risk Manager – it’s the leading professional certification for anyone working in financial risk management.
To get the FRM designation, you need to:
- Pass two exams (Part 1 and Part 2)
- Show 2 years of relevant full-time risk management work experience
- Pay annual GARP membership fees ($150/year for Certified FRM holders)
Where FRMs work: Pretty much everywhere risk matters – major banks, investment firms, asset managers, hedge funds, insurance companies, accounting firms (Big 4 all hire FRMs), and regulators.
What FRM certification signals: You know how to identify, measure, and manage financial risks – market risk, credit risk, operational risk, liquidity risk. Employers take it seriously because the curriculum is practical and current (updated annually based on market events).
Career outlook: Strong. Regulatory pressure post-2008 means risk management roles keep growing. If you can demonstrate you understand VaR, stress testing, Basel frameworks, and credit models, you’re employable.
How popular is the FRM certification?
FRM has been around since 1997, and there are now 97,000+ certified FRMs globally working at basically every major financial institution you can name.
Growth trajectory: FRM registrations grew ~10% annually from 2010-2025, with a 20% spike in 2017-2018. The pandemic hit 2020 numbers (like everything else), but growth is recovering.
Why it’s growing: Post-2008 financial crisis, risk management went from “back office function” to “strategic priority.” Boards want risk professionals who actually know what they’re doing. FRM is how you prove that.
Global presence: FRMs work internationally – not just New York and London. GARP reports strong growth in Asia-Pacific (Singapore, Hong Kong, India) and Middle East markets.
How does the FRM exam work?
The FRM exam is a two-part computer-based examination consisting of a 4 hour multiple choice exam each. Its difficulty is equivalent to a Master’s degree, according to benchmarking done by UK ENIC (European Network of Information Centre of the United Kingdom).
There are 3 exam windows for Part 1 and Part 2 annually in May, August and November.
The exams are conducted exclusively in English, in person at 100+ exam sites around the world. You can find out your nearest exam center here.
In terms of pass criteria, there are no negative markings for incorrect answers. The passing score is determined by the exam committee each year.
The exam results are sent to candidates via email approximately 6-8 weeks after the conduct of exam, and result is a simple pass or fail.
However, you will be provided with quartile results so that you can see how you scored on specific areas relative to other candidates.
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What are the FRM pass rates?
| FRM exam window | FRM Part 1 pass rates | FRM Part 2 pass rates |
|---|---|---|
| Oct-20 | 44% | 62% |
| Nov-20 | 45% | 59% |
| May-21 | 47% | 59% |
| Nov-21 | 45% | 63% |
| May/Aug-22 | 51% | 57% |
| Nov-22 | 50% | 59% |
| May/Aug-23 | 47% | 51% |
| Nov-23 | 45% | 53% |
| May/Aug-24 | 56% | 52% |
| Nov-24 | 55% | 52% |
| May/Aug-25 | 58% | 52% |
| Nov-25 | 47% | 50% |
Since 2020, FRM Part 1 pass rates ranges from 44%-58%, with a 5 year average of 49%. For the same period, FRM Part 2 pass rates ranges from 50%-63%, with a 5 year average of 56%.
Part 1 pass rates have trended notably upward since 2023, reaching 55-56% in 2024 exam windows – the highest since 2010. This likely
reflects well prepared candidates for those particular exam windows. Part 2 consistently passes at slightly higher rates than Part 1, which makes sense – if you made it through Part 1, you’re probably more committed and better prepared.
Check out our detailed FRM pass rates analysis for trends over time and how to interpret these numbers.
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What topics are on the FRM exam?
What topics are on the FRM Part 1 exam?
Part 1 is all about tools – the quantitative and analytical skills you need for risk management. The topics and percentages are as below:
| Part 1 Topic Areas | Topic Weight |
|---|---|
| Foundations of Risk Management (FRM) | 20% |
| Quantitative Analysis (QA) | 20% |
| Financial Markets & Products (FMP) | 30% |
| Valuation & Risk Models (VRM) | 30% |
The heavy hitters: Quantitative Analysis sounds like only 20%, but it’s actually foundational for everything else (you need solid stats to understand VaR, option pricing, and regression models). Financial Markets & Products (30%) and Valuation & Risk Models (30%) are where most of your study time goes.
What topics are on the FRM Part 2 exam?
The Part 2 curriculum highlights on the application of the tools studied in Part 1 with a deeper understanding of risk types and risk management. Topics and percentages are in the table below:
| Part 2 Topic Areas | Topic Weight |
|---|---|
| Market Risk Measurement & Management (MR) | 20% |
| Credit Risk Measurement & Management (CR) | 20% |
| Operation Risk & Resiliency (ORR) | 20% |
| Liquidity and Treasury Risk Measurement and Management (LTR) | 15% |
| Risk Management and Investment Management (IM) | 15% |
| Current Issues in Financial Markets (CI) | 10% |
What’s different: Part 2 is less about calculations and more about integrated thinking. Questions often span multiple topics (“You have market risk AND credit risk AND operational risk – now what?”). Current Issues (10%) changes every year based on recent market events, so you need the current curriculum.
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How much does the FRM cost?
There is a recent increase in FRM exam fees due to the transition to computer-based exams. Here are the latest costs:
| Fees in USD ($) | Part 1 | Part 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Enrollment (one-off) | $400 | – |
| Early Registration | $600 | $600 |
| Standard Registration | $800 | $800 |
| Total (first time, both Parts, Early registration) = $1,600 | ||
| Total (first time, both Parts, Standard registration) = $2,000 |
There is a one-off enrollment fee of $400 that applies to first time candidates. For example, if you’re retaking Part 1 exams, the exam fee varies between $600-$800 only depending on your registration date.
The fees for Part 2 candidates are the same as Part 1 (excluding the one-off enrollment fee), ranging from $600-$800 depending on registration date.
Pro tip: Register early (2 months before the exam) to save $200 per exam. For May exams, early registration ends January 31. For August, ends April 30. For November, ends July 31.
Don’t forget study materials: GARP provides official curriculum (free with registration), but most candidates also buy prep materials – expect another $300-800 depending on provider (Schweser, BionicTurtle, AnalystPrep).
Total registration fees for both parts range from $1,600 (early) to $2,000 (standard), excluding study materials and calculator. See our full FRM fees guide for a complete cost breakdown.
When are FRM exams offered?
FRM exams are held 3x a year for both Part 1 and Part 2:
- May (early/mid-May exam window)
- August (early August window)
- November (mid/late November window)
| Key Deadlines | May 2026 | Aug 2026 | Nov 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Registration and scheduling opens | 1 Dec 2025 | 1 Mar 2026 | 1 May 2026 |
| Early registration ends | 31 Jan 2026 | 30 Apr 2026 | 31 Jul 2026 |
| Registration closes: Last day to defer to next exam | 31 Mar 2026 | 30 Jun 2026 | 30 Sep 2026 |
| Last day to (re)schedule exam, select or change exam sites | 25 Apr 2026 | 25 Jul 2026 | 24 Oct 2026 |
| FRM exam window | Part 1: 9-15 May 2026 Part 2: 16-19 May 2026 | Part 1 & 2: 7-8 August 2026 | Part 1: 14-20 Nov 2026 Part 2: 21-25 Nov 2026 |
Registration typically opens 2 months before early deadline:
- May exams: Registration opens Dec 1
- August exams: Registration opens Mar 1
- November exams: Registration opens May 1
Early registration deadlines (saves $200):
- May: January 31
- August: April 30
- November: July 31
Final registration deadlines:
- May: March 31
- August: June 30
- November: September 30
Check out our FRM exam dates guide for more details and FAQs.
What are the FRM exam requirements?
In order to be certified as a Financial Risk Manager and be able to use the FRM designation after your name, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
- Pass FRM Part 1;
- Pass FRM Part 2 within 4 years of passing Part 1; and
- Demonstrate 2 years of professional full-time financial risk management work experience.
FRM work experience requirements:
- To demonstrate relevant work experience, GARP requires a candidate submission of a minimum of 4-5 sentences (at least 300 words) detailing how he/she manages financial risk in their day-to-day work.
- Experience completed for school will not be considered, including internships, part-time jobs, or student teaching.
- The work experience submitted cannot be more than 10 years prior to having passed the Part 2 exam.
There are time limits to getting certified as a Financial Risk Manager:
- Once a candidate passes Part 1, he/she must then pass the Part 2 within 4 years.
- Then, the candidate will have 5 years from the date of passing Part 2 exams to obtain work experience verification. If this is not done in time, the candidate will have to re-enroll and pass both Part 1 and Part 2 exams again for certification, not to mention re-paying the required fees to do so.
Is the FRM worth it?
Short answer: Yes, if you’re serious about a risk management career.
Here’s the honest breakdown:
FRM is worth it if:
- You work (or want to work) at a bank, hedge fund, asset manager, or regulator in a risk role
- Your job involves VaR calculations, stress testing, credit modeling, or Basel compliance
- You need credibility when talking to regulators, auditors, or senior management about risk
- You’re competing for risk management promotions against people with similar experience
FRM might NOT be worth it if:
- You’re in equity research, corporate finance, or investment banking (CFA makes more sense)
- You’re a data scientist/quant who codes all day (your Python skills matter more than credentials)
- You’re already senior enough that credentials don’t move the needle
- You’re just collecting certifications without a clear career goal
ROI reality check: FRM doesn’t guarantee a job or automatic raise. But it does:
- Get your resume past HR filters for risk roles
- Give you the technical chops to actually do the job well
- Signal commitment to employers (passing both parts is non-trivial)
- Provide networking access to 96,000+ FRMs globally via GARP
Compared to other options:
- vs CFA: FRM is faster (1-2 years vs 2-4 years) and more specialized. If you know you want risk management, FRM is more efficient.
- vs PRM: FRM has way more market recognition. PRM (Professional Risk Manager) is fine but employers rarely ask for it specifically.
- vs Master’s degree: FRM costs ~$1,500 vs $40,000-100,000 for a Master’s. It won’t teach you as much theory, but employers value it for practical knowledge.
Bottom line: If you’re building a risk management career, FRM is one of the best investments you can make. Just don’t expect it to do the work for you – it’s a credential that enhances your skills and experience, not a substitute for them.
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What are the benefits of FRM certification?
Financial Risk Managers are one of the most widely accepted global designation for risk management profession, and getting this certification certainly sets you apart from the rest.
Once you achieve this designation, you can expect to:
- Differentiate yourself and further boost your risk management credentials in the financial industry
- Enhance career growth and increase job mobility in the risk management sector
- Become a part of the global elite group of risk management professionals who are certified as Financial Risk Managers
- Be recognized globally as a leader in financial risk management
- Command better remuneration package and job opportunities
Who should get the FRM certification?
FRM is specifically designed for:
Risk managers
If your job title has “risk” in it, FRM is probably worth considering. This includes market risk analysts, credit risk managers, operational risk specialists, and model validators.
Traders & portfolio managers
If you’re managing positions and need to understand risk exposure, VaR, Greeks, and hedging strategies, FRM gives you the technical foundation. Particularly valuable for derivatives traders and fixed income PMs.
Risk consultants
If you advise clients on risk management frameworks, stress testing, or regulatory compliance (Basel, Dodd-Frank), FRM gives you credibility and technical depth.
Compliance & audit professionals
If you audit risk processes or ensure compliance with risk-related regulations, understanding what you’re auditing (via FRM curriculum) is hugely valuable.
Regulators
Central banks, financial regulators, and supervisory agencies actively hire FRMs. If you’re on the regulatory side reviewing bank risk models, FRM is almost expected.
Career changers into risk
Coming from data science, engineering, or another quantitative field? FRM is a fast way to gain risk management credibility without going back for a Master’s degree.
Who probably doesn’t need FRM:
- Investment bankers (M&A, ECM, DCM) – your job isn’t about managing risk
- Equity research analysts – CFA makes more sense
- Corporate finance professionals – FP&A, treasury, IR roles don’t typically need FRM-level risk knowledge
- Wealth managers / Financial advisors – CFP or CFA is more relevant
Not sure if FRM is right for you? Ask yourself: “Will understanding VaR, credit models, operational risk frameworks, and stress testing help me do my current job better or get the job I want?” If yes, do FRM. If no, probably skip it.
FRM vs CFA – Which is right for you?
This is a popular topic which has a whole article in itself.
We compare the differences and similarities between these designations, in terms of syllabus, difficulty and career objectives. Check it out!
FRM exam FAQs
FRM stands for Financial Risk Manager, a professional certification offered by GARP (Global Association of Risk Professionals). It is the most widely recognized credential for risk management careers globally, held by 97,000+ professionals across 190+ countries. To earn the designation you must pass two exams and demonstrate 2 years of relevant full-time risk management work experience.
First-time candidates pay a one-off $400 enrollment fee plus registration fees of $600 (early) or $800 (standard) per part.
Total minimum cost for both parts is around $1,600 registering early, or $2,000 at standard rates. Add $300-800 for third-party study materials. Certified FRMs also pay annual GARP membership fees to maintain their designation. See our full FRM fees guide for a complete breakdown.
Yes, if you are serious about a risk management career. FRM is actively sought by banks, asset managers, hedge funds, insurance companies, and regulators globally. The curriculum is practical and updated annually, making it genuinely useful on the job – not just a credential. It is faster (1-2 years) and cheaper (~$1,600-2,000) than a Master’s degree while carrying comparable employer recognition in risk roles.
Each part is 4 hours long.
Part 1 has 100 multiple-choice questions covering foundations of risk management, quantitative analysis, financial markets and products, and valuation and risk models. Part 2 has 80 multiple-choice questions focused on applying those tools across market risk, credit risk, operational risk, and investment management.
Most candidates sit Part 1 and Part 2 in separate exam windows, 5-6 months apart.
Step 1: Create a study plan – most candidates need 250 hours per part spread over 5-6 months. We have a free FRM study planner that tracks your progress and benchmarks your mock scores.
Step 2: Choose study materials – either GARP official curriculum (free, comprehensive, verbose) or third-party providers like Kaplan Schweser, BionicTurtle, or AnalystPrep (condensed, structured, costs $300-800).
Step 3: Study consistently – 12-15 hours/week over 5-6 months beats cramming 20+ hours/week for 3 months.
Step 4: Do practice questions throughout (not just at the end) – FRM tests application, not just recall.
Step 5: Take 3-4 full mocks in the final month – timing and exam strategy matter as much as knowledge.
Check out our Offers page for current deals on study materials.
Typical timeline: 1-2 years for most candidates.
Fastest possible: 9 months
Pass Part 1 in May, then pass Part 2 in November (6 months between exams)
Plus 3 months to gather/submit work experience documentation
More realistic: 12-18 months
6 months prep Part 1, then pass
1-2 month break
6 months prep Part 2, then pass
Submit work experience (if you have it already)
Slowest allowed: 4 years
GARP requires you pass Part 2 within 4 years of passing Part 1
Plus 5 years to submit work experience after Part 2
Most candidates: Take Part 1 and Part 2 in consecutive or near-consecutive windows (5-6 months apart), finishing both exams in 10-15 months total.
Allowed calculators:
Texas Instruments BA II Plus (including BA II Plus Professional)
Hewlett Packard 12C (including HP 12C Platinum)
These are the only two calculator models GARP allows. No other calculators permitted – not even fancier financial calculators.
Our recommendation: BA II Plus is more popular and has better guides/tutorials online. Check out our calculator guide and BA II Plus tutorial (written for CFA but applies equally to FRM).
Are you considering this certification, as well as the CFA designation? Leave a comment below!
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