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1. No. Lots of people I know are still switching careers at around that age. However, if you play it right you could possibly do it without starting at the bottom again, although I’m not sure how flexible they are in Germany in this respect – I’ve heard they can be quite rigid.
2. CFA for investment analyst definitely makes sense, but I think it would be a career-development tool rather than a get-a-job tool in your case.
3. I’m not sure if your resume would get you dinged before your interview, but no, lack of ADHD treatment would not really be a quantifiable factor to discount your history. Sorry. What would they assume your grades would be otherwise?