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Obviously it is very important to be able to actually compute answers quickly on your calculator, and you are correct that often times strangely that doesn’t even require you to know the formula in its entirety….however if you have no clue what the formula is you may come across issues while trying to answer more conceptual questions that don’t actually provide any figures or require any computation.
taking TVM as the (extremely basic) example, if the question asks you something like “if the discount rate used to calculate the present value of a series of cash flows increases, does the present value fall/rise/remain the same?”
Knowing the formula can help you quickly answer this question…the discount rate appears in the denominator when discounting the cash flows, so when the discount rate rises, the present value falls.
There are a large number of conceptual questions on the CFA level 1 exam so I would suggest trying to commit at least the major, recurring formula to memory. Understanding the topic fully helps greatly in formula retention I find.