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My take on it is that they definitely have ‘important’ formulas and concepts that will be tested – the more fundamental and the more time spent on it in the curriculum the more likely.
HOWEVER, there is always a certain percentage of the exam where literally anything mentioned in the curriculum is fair game. In my view CFA Institute could extract any random concept from the darkest corner of the curriculum text and surface it in the exam.
The best way to know which formulas will be key is to practice the hell out of exams. The more important formulas, you’ll meet time and again.